Information Marks or Punctuation, written and with sounds

Basic Parts of Speech or Grammar

Additional Information about Grammar

Rules for a Sentence

Some Spelling Rules

Base Words, Prefixes and Suffixes

Word Endings

Information Charts to Hang and to use as Handouts

INFORMATION MARKS or PUNCTUATION MARKS

- a quick reference chart

_____________________________________________________________________

MARK DESCRIPTION NOISE PITCH PAUSE

(inflexion) (time)

_____________________________________________________________________

. FULL STOP DOWN 4 seconds

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

, COMMA NO CHANGE 1 second

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

; SEMI-COLON DOWN 2 seconds

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

: COLON DOWN 3 seconds

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

? QUESTION MARK UP 4 seconds

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

! EXCLAMATION ACCENT 4 seconds

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

!! DOUBLE EXCLAMATION EXTREME ACCENT 4 seconds

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

“ “ QUOTATION MARKS VARIED DIFFERENCE -

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

( ) BRACKETS VARY PITCH -

for extra explanation from main text

_____________________________________________________________________

BASICS ­PARTS OF SPEECH or GRAMMAR

Grammar is about knowing how to put words together

in the correct order to make sense

COMMON NOUN : a naming word.

“The name of a person, animal, place or thing.”

e.g. house, book, bird, man.

PROPER NOUN : are

“the special name of a person, animal, place or thing.”

e.g. John, Christadelphian, Mortdale, Australia.

COLLECTIVE NOUNS : are

“groups of people, places, animals or things.”

e.g. class, herd, swarm.

ABSTRACT NOUNS : are

“things which cannot be touched.”

Courage, sleep, danger, pain.

PRONOUN : a word which take the place of a noun.

“a person word with no noun name.”

e.g. I, she, mine, those, their .

VERB : tells us what a person, animal or thing is doing.

“a doing word” or “an action word.”

e.g. sit, promise, read, eat, drink.

­ADJECTIVE : gives more information about a noun or a pronoun.

“a describing word.”

e.g. white paper, cold drink, hot coffee, my Bible, three days, my promise,

this person.

ADVERB : is a word that adds meaning to a verb, an adjective,

or another adverb, often end in “ly.”

“Describes how, when, or where a thing is said or done.”

e.g. kindly, softly, soon, already, never, later, above, downstairs, in, out.

CONJUNCTION : a word used to join other words, or groups of words,

“A conjunction co joins words”.

e.g. because, when, and , if.

PREPOSITION : shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun

and another word in a sentence,

“A Preposition tells how a thing is done”.

e.g. through, in, during, under.

ARTICLE : a or an or the precedes a noun.

“A noun hangs up by its article”.

the is the definite article, talking about a particular thing.

e.g. the house.

INDEFINITE ARTICLES : are

“talking about a general thing.”

e.g. a house or an axe

We use an instead of a in front of words that begin with a vowel,

or sometimes an “h” like an apple, an hour.

GENDER : refers to

“the sex of a person or animal.”

Male or female, masculine or feminine, e.g. “boy”, “mother”.

Some nouns can refer to either gender, e.g. “adult”, “parent”, “cousin”.

TENSE : is used

“to tell the time in which the doing of a verb takes place.”

Past Tense, e.g. I saw, I had, I spoke

Present Tense, e.g. I see, I have, I am speaking

Future Tense e.g. I will see, I will have, I will speak

____________________________________________________________________

Other types of VERBS

ACTION VERBS : tell about an action that you can see.

e.g. work, play, run, sit.

SAYING VERBS : tell about an action that you speak.

e.g. talk, said, shout, whisper.

THINKING VERBS : tell about an action that take place in your head,

e.g. think, believe, afraid, like.

HAVING or BEING VERBS, describe what things are, or what they have,

e.g. has, is, are, was.

__________________________________________________________________

Example :

Look at this sentence.

I saw the old woman, called Jane, slowly walking down the road.

Example

PRONOUN : I - in place of a noun.

NOUNS : woman, road - naming words.

PROPER NOUN : Jane - the particular name of the woman.

VERB : saw, walking - doing or action words.

ADJECTIVE : old - is a describing word about the woman.

ADVERB : slowly , down - we know how and where she was walking.

_____________________________________________________________________

RULES FOR A SENTENCE

A sentence must make sense.

A sentence must contain a verb.

A sentence starts with a capital letter.

A sentence finishes with a full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark.

_____________________________________________________________________

SPELLING RULES

IE or EI

“i” before “e” except after ”c”,

e.g. piece, receive.

PLURALS

Most words add “s”,

e.g. stars, trees, homes.

Words ending in “ch”, “sh”, “ss”, “s”, “x” , add “es”.

e.g. “church” - “churches”.

When a word ends in, to make it plural, change “y” to “i” and add “es”

e.g. “country” - “countries”.

When a word ends in “fe”, to make it plural, change the “f” to “v” and add “s”

e.g. “wife” - “wives”

_____________________________________________________________________

BASE WORDS, PREFIXES and SUFFIXES

Prefixes go at the front of the base word.

Suffixes go at the end of the base word.

Prefixes and suffixes add to the meaning of the word.

e.g. with the word - “recovering”,

“cover” is the base word,

“re” is the prefix,

“ing” is the suffix.

_____________________________________________________________________

WORD ENDINGS

Adding “ed”, “ing”.

Most words don’t change when a suffix is added,

e.g. play - played, play - playing.

When the word ends in a silent ”e”, drop the “e”, and add the suffix.

e.g. wave - waved, wave - waving.

When the word ends with a short vowel and a consonant,

double the consonant and add “ed”, or “ing”,

e.g. hop - “hopped”, hop - “hopping”.

_____________________________________________________________________

Lists of IRREGULAR VERBS

_____________________________________________________________________

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

_____________________________________________________________________

be was/were been

become became become

begin began begun

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

buy bought bought

can could (been able)

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamt dreamt

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

find found found

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

get got got

give gave given

go went gone (been)

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

known knew known

lay laid laid

learn learnt learnt

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

pay paid paid

put put put

read read read

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

say said said

see saw seen

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

shake shook shaken

shine shone shone

shoot shot shot

show showed shown

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

speak spoke spoken

spell spelt spelt

spend spent spent

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

swim swam swum

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

understand understood understood

wake woke woken

wear wore worn

win won won

write wrote written

________________________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR

Tune?

Now here is a little song,

And it is all about grammar,

And if you don’t like it,

I’m going to hit you with a hammer,

Because a hammer is a NOUN,

And a NOUN is a thing

A VERB is what you do,

Like when you sing.

An ADVERB is how you do it,

A NOUN is what it is,

To describe a NOUN -

use an ADJECTIVE.

Now listen up, and learn,

I know you think I’m rude,

But when it comes to grammar,

I’ve got an attitude

Those words like “if” and “and” and “but”,

You need to know their function.

They join up parts of sentences,

They’ve got the name - “CONJUNCTION”.

And words that take the place of nouns,

Like “he” and “she” and “it”,

And “we” and ‘them” and “us” and “me”,

They are PRONOUNS, that’s no problem.

And now, take some notice,

Of my closing advice,

Those words that tell you where you’re at,

They are called the PREPOSITIONS

Like “by” and “from” and “up” and “down”,

and “to” and “in” and “out”,

like real estate,

position is what it is all about.